This paper explores the Transferability of the Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model for activity type and duration using various transfer methods and sample sizes. This study employs the data of travel demand studies in two major cities, Shiraz and Mashhad in Iran. The model is first developed for Shiraz and then transferred to Mashhad. The adopted transfer methods are transfer scaling, Bayesian updating, combined transfer estimation, and joint context estimation. Aggregate and disaggregate transfer measures are adopted to examine the transferred models' general prediction and policy predictability. The results indicate the joint context estimation method's superiority in terms of estimation and policy prediction powers. The available massive data to the authors enabled measuring the value of sample size in this study. The sample size sensitivity analysis revealed a decrease in the marginal gain of the transferred model's performance as the sample size increases. Remarkably, the transferred model outperforms even the locally estimated model when 1) advanced transfer techniques are applied (i. e., the combined transfer estimation and the joint context estimation), and 2) the application context sample size is large enough (i. e., more than 30 percent).

Approval of “Embryo Donation Act 2003” inducted the expression of “Embryo Donation” in our legal literature and formally legitimized this kind of Assisted Reproductive Treatment. This article aims at studying legal and ethical legitimacy of embryo donation through legal and juridical evaluation of properties’ Transferability. What justifies the necessity of this study is that if we consider “embryo donation” as a real donation, it shall comply with general conditions of properties’ Transferability, since “donation” is a legal act which is basically. Governed by general legal rules and one of these rules is the necessity of being as property and the Transferability of transaction’s subject furthermore, considering embryo as property could solve the matter of commercialization of artificial insemination. However, first, we have to ask whether it is ethical to count a potential human being as a property. Why do not we legitimize “embryo transfer” instead of “embryo donation” in order to get rid of dissoluble challenges of its recognition as a “legal act”? Is not it the best way to identify “embryo transfer” as a “legal rule” authorized by the parliament? This article suggests the basis of “legal rule” as the headstone of embryo transfer’s legitimacy.

Trip generation is the first stage of the conventional four-step travel forecasting framework. One of the most important characteristics of travel demand models is Transferability. The cost of collecting data for travel demand modeling is high and increasing each year. Spatial Transferability of travel forecasting models can potentially help in significant cost and time savings for areas that cannot invest in extensive data-collection and model development procedures. The purpose of this paper is comparision of performance of the poisson and multinomial logit models in the Spatial Transferability for houshold work trips. The models are estimated for the Qazvin and Eslamshahr cities based on data from the 1387 Qazvin Travel Habits Surveys and 1392 Eslamshahr Travel Habits Surveys. Sample is included econometric-social attributes 4479 houshols in Qazvin and 3183 housholds in Eslamshahr. The measures for assessing Transferability are Transferability Test Statistic (TTS), Transfer Index (TI), Transfer Rho-Square, like Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE), Relative aggregate Transfer error (RATE) and comparision plot of observed and predicted aggregate trip shares. The result show that, Qazvin and Eslamshahr final models include three explanatory variables: number of workers, number of cars and interaction these two variables furthermore Transferability Test Statistic reject the null hypothesis of the two cities parameters equality for two models. Result show that from Transfer Rho-Square and Root-Mean-Square-Error multinomial Logit model has better performance in Transferability and from Transfer Index and Relative aggregate Transfer error poisson model has better performance in Transferability between Qazvin and Eslamshahr. compare plot of observed and predicted aggregate trip shares shows that Multinomial Logit model models have better performance in terms of comparision of predicted share of every trip rate level with observed share. Introduction Trip generation is the first stage of the conventional four-step travel forecasting framework that estimates the number of trips to and from a traffic analysis zone. Using linear regression model is common in this step and generates an acceptable level of performance from the perspective of transport planning, however this model does not incorporate traveler behavior, integer and non-negative nature of trips. To overcome these limitation, several models have been suggested: count data models such as negative binomial and Poisson for deleting continuous and negative values; and discrete choice models such as logit and probit for incorporating traveler behavior and preventing continuous and negative values. Furthermore one of the most important characteristics of travel demand modelsis Transferability. Spatial Transferability of travel forecasting models refers to the appropriateness of using models developed with data and information from one geographical region for travel forecasting purposes in another region. This topic is of considerable interest from both theoretical and practical standpoints. Theoretically, assessment of a model’ s performance in different contexts provides insights into its ability to provide credible forecasts under different scenarios. From a practical standpoint, ability to transfer models from one region to another can help in significant cost and time savings for regions that cannot afford to invest in extensive data-collection procedures. Without Transferability in time and space, the use of the model will be compromised due to either over or under-estimating demand, which will lead to inaccurate assessment of the associated transportation needs and poor allocation for infrastructure investment. Methodology Although a model is not statistically transferable, it could closely approximate behavior in the application context for all practical purposes. Measures of predictiveability have been used to make such practical assessments. These metrics measure the predictive accuracy of transferred models in the application context and can be classified into two categories: (1) aggregate prediction based Transferability metrics (such as relative error measure and root-mean-square error), and (2) log-likelihood based Transferability metrics (such as transfer rho-square and transfer index). Aggregate-level prediction based Transferability metrics such as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) provide a measure of error in the aggregate predictions (e. g., predicted mode shares) of the transferred model. . A These metrics measure how well a transferred model reproduces aggregate-level behavior (e. g., mode shares) in the application context, but not necessarily the ability to adequately forecast changes in travel demand under different demographic, land-use and transportation system change scenarios. Among the log-likelihood based Transferability metrics, transfer rho-squaredescribes how well a transferred model fits the data observed in the application context, relative to a reference model (e. g., a constants only model). square. Thus, TI measures the goodness of fit of a transferred model relative to a locally estimated model Discussion and Results Model estimation relied on the statistical software package Stata. The selection of the final models considered coefficient reasonableness, check of logical relationships, chi-squared statistics, pseudo R2, and t-statistics. The result show that, Qazvin and Eslamshahr final models include three explanatory variables: number of workers, number of cars and interaction these two variables. models coefficients have the correct sign and are significant at the 95% level and model statistics are with acceptable ranges. Conclusions Transferred Poisson model to Qazvin and Eslamshahr have Transfer Rho-Square, respectively, 0. 08 and 0. 06, Transfer Index, respectively, 0. 83 and 0. 77, Root-Mean-Square-Error, respectively, 0. 69 and 0. 37 and Relative Aggregate Transfer Error, respectively, 1. 53 and 0. 88 and Transferred multinomial logit model to Qazvin and Eslamshahr have Transfer Rho-Square, respectively, 0. 21 and 0. 08, Transfer Index, respectively, 0. 72 and 0. 48, Root-Mean-Square-Error, respectively, 0. 24 and 0. 35 and big values for Relative Aggregate Transfer Error, respectively. This research shows that Transferability Test Statistic reject the null hypothesis of the two cities parameters equality for two models. Result show that from Transfer Rho-Square and Root-Mean-Square-Error multinomial Logit model has better performance in Transferability and from Transfer Index and Relative aggregate Transfer error poisson model has better performance in Transferability between Qazvin and Eslamshahr. compare plot of observed and predicted aggregate trip shares shows that Multinomial Logit model models have better performance in terms of comparision of predicted share of every trip rate level with observed share.

The cost of collecting data for travel demand modeling is very high with an increasing trend. Data collection costs could easily surpass the annual budget of a metropolitan planning organization (MPO) in small or medium-sized area. Spatial Transferability of travel forecasting models, or the ability to transfer models from one area to another, can potentially ease important cost and time savings for areas that cannot invest in extensive data-collection and model development procedures. Furthermore, Transferability is critical to evaluate the validity of behavioral models. Without Transferability in time and space, the use of the model will be compromised due to either over or under-estimating demand, which will lead to an inaccurate assessment of the associated transportation needs and poor allocation for infrastructure investment. Moreover, trip generation has special importance in travel demand modeling, because it is the first step in the classic four-step approach, and any error in this step leads to the transmission of the error to other steps. This study includes two primary research objectives. The first is to test the appropriateness of transferring ordered Logit model for trip production between two cities of Qazvin and Eslamshahr. The second is to determine the best transfer direction (Qazvin to Eslamshahr or Eslamshahr to Qazvin) according to the Transferability criteria. The analysis focuses on work trips at the household level. The models are estimated for Qazvin and Eslamshahr cities based on data from the Travel OD Surveys of Qazvin (2008) and Eslamshahr (2013). The surveys collected detailed personal and household characteristics, as well as travel diary information from households in the two cities. Trip production model estimation was conducted in the statistical software package Stata. The measures of Spatial stability consist of an analysis of how well the estimated models predict observed shares by stratification and a comparison of model parameters. Various Transferability tests are conducted at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. Transferability Test Statistic (TTS) is conducted to test the stability of the model coefficients. Transfer Index (TI) is a measure of predictive accuracy of transferred model relative to a locally estimated model. Transfer Rho-Square is a measure of goodness of fit index and statistical methods such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Relative Aggregate Transfer Error (RATE) are measures of the aggregate prediction error. The selection of final models is based on different criteria like logical coefficient signs, chi-squared statistics, F-statistic, pseudo R2, and t-statistics. Qazvin and Eslamshahr final models include two explanatory variables: number of employees and car ownership. Models coefficients have correct sign and are all significant at the level of 5 percent. Research results show that Transfer Index rejects the null hypothesis of the equality of the parameters of the two cities. Results also indicate that the transferred models to Eslamshahr and Qazvin have Transfer Rho-Square of 0. 06 and 0. 15, Transfer Index of 0. 50 and 0. 71, Root-Mean-Square Error of 0. 35 and 0. 24, and Relative Aggregate Transfer Errors of 17. 5 and 12. 0 respectively, indicating multiple aspects of Transferability. Other conclusions are also drawn from different perspectives: the transferred model to Qazvin has a better Transfer Rho-Square, Transfer Index, Root-Mean-Square Error, and Relative Aggregate Transfer Error than the transferred model to Eslamshahr

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are valuable tools for many purposes, such as mapping, fingerprinting, and breeding programs. However, they are only available in some economically important crops because of the high cost and labor intensity involved in their development. Comparative mapping reveals a high degree of colinearity between closely related species and genera, which allows the exchange of markers between them. Our objective was to examine the Transferability of sorghum SSR markers to sugarcane (Saccharum spp) and maize (Zea mays). Of 29 sorghum SSR markers, 20.7% and 6.9% were amplified in sugarcane and maize, respectively. SSR markers were informative, even though only six varieties of each species were examined. The number of fragments amplified by the polymorphic primers ranged from 4 to 9 with an average of 6.2 and 2-3 with an average of 2.5 in sugarcane and maize, respectively. Fragments amplified revealed size variation in target species, as compared to the sorghum markers. One marker, amplified among three related species, suggested that these allelic regions of the primer binding sites were conserved. These markers with Transferability between species can be used for breeding and genetics studies.

Mauginiella scaettae is one of the most critical and devastating fungal pathogens causing date palms inflorescence rot (khamedj). This pathogen, in severe attacks, can cause 80% loss of the annual harvest. In this study, seven SSR loci (have previously been isolated and characterized in Phaeosphaeria nodorum) were evaluated for Transferability on 13 single-spore isolates of M. scaettae obtained from eight different regions of Khuzestan province, Iran. A high level of Transferability of SSRs was detected. Five primer pairs, including SNOD1, SNOD26, SNOD22, SNOD17, and SNOD21, were successfully amplified and produced an amplification product of the expected size range in thirteen isolates collected from eight locations. Two microsatellite markers, including SNOD5 and SNOD16, were not amplified and showed no amplification. The rate of amplification of five amplified SSR loci was different among isolates. A total of sixteen alleles were obtained across the five SSRs loci for thirteen isolates. Among all isolates examined, the highest rate (92. 3%) and the lowest rate (7. 7%) of amplification were done for SNOD26 and SNOD21 SSR loci, respectively. The loci SNOD1, SNOD26, and SNOD22 generated four, and SNOD17 locus generated three alleles, and the lowest number of alleles (one allele) was identified in the SNOD21 locus.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to Spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to Spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-Spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the Spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the Spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.